Core References

• Understanding Regulation: Theory, Strategy, and Practice New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, Chapters 7, 9, and 10. Baldwin, Robert, and Martin Cave

  Examines the benefits and costs of regulation, including how countries evaluate regulatory agency costs and benefits. Considers when self-regulation may be effective.

• Using Rules Effectively in Regulation and Deregulation, edited by C. McCrudden. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. Black, Julia

  States that command and control regulation implies a proper use of rules. Discusses the relevance of using rules effectively and setting standards, in order to achieve legitimacy and avoid counterproductive regulation.

• Interest Group Representation in Administrative Institutions: The Impact of Consumer Advocates and Elected Commissioners on Regulatory Policy in the United States UCEI Energy Policy and Economics Working Paper No 002, University of California-Berkeley, 2002. Holburn, G., and P. Spiller

  Estimates the effect of consumer advocates on commissions and regulatory policy.

• Review and Appeal of Regulators’ Decisions in the South Asian Context in Proceedings of the SAFIR Workshop on Regulatory Strategy, S. K. Sarkar, editor, New Dehli, India: Tara Energy Research Institute, 2001, pp. 17-24. Hossain, Kamal

  Contrasts the perspectives, expertise, and roles of regulators and judges. Further considers regulatory process and the scope for review.

• Utility Regulators — Decisionmaking, Structures, Resources, and Start-up Strategy Public Sector Note no. 129, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1997. Smith, Warrick

  Examines the decision making structure, the strategy for creating regulatory agencies and the role of financial and human capital.

Sectoral References

GAS

• A State Regulatory Strategy for the Transitional Phase of Gas Regulation Yale Journal on Regulation 12 (1): 1995. Darr, Frank P.

  States regulators should adopt a system of advanced planning and incentive rate setting. With planning utilities and regulatory commissions can reduce the level of regulatory risk inherent in the changing environment.

TRANSPORTATION

• Promoting Intermediate Means of Transport: Approach Paper Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Program Working Paper, number 20, World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1996. World Bank

  Puts forward a five-stage decision-making model for the designer/planner of projects or programs to improve mobility in rural areas.

Key Words

Cost-benefit analysis, Standards setting