Core References

• Handbook for Evaluating Infrastructure Regulatory Systems Washington, DC: The World Bank Group, 2006. Brown, Ashley C., Jon Stern, and Bernard Tenenbaum

  Establishes metrics and models for evaluating regulatory systems. Provides short, mid-level, and in-depth evaluations. Explains independence models, transitional regulatory systems, and the difference between governance and substance, independence.

• Infrastructure regulation in developing countries: an exploration of hybrid and transitional models Paper prepared for the African Forum of Utilities Regulators 3rd Annual Conference, 15-16 March 2006, Windhoek, Namibia. Eberhard, Anton

  Gives examples of models for regulatory institutions. Analyzes how these designs have impacted performance.

• Managing the Regulatory Process: Design, Concepts, Issues, and the Latin America and Caribbean Story Washington, D.C.: The World Bank Group, 1999, Chapter 3. Guasch, J. Luis, and Pablo Spiller

  Describes the basic regulatory instruments and provides examples of where they have been used. Considers legislation, presidential decrees, and contracts.

• A Framework for Resolving the Regulatory Problem in Regulations, Institutions, and Commitment: Comparative Studies in Telecommunications, edited by Brian Levy and Pablo T. Spiller. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 1-35. Levy, Brian, and Pablo T. Spiller

  Describes characteristics of infrastructure monopolies and how they affect optimal institutional design, that is to say, the optimal organizational answer to the nature of transaction costs arising from government opportunism or dynamic inconsistency of investment policies. Examines how developing countries’ institutional endowments affect how they should design their regulatory governance. Defines institutional endowment, considering the legislative and executive institutions (mechanisms for appointment and for making and implementing laws and regulations), judicial institutions (mechanisms for appointment and for resolving disputes), customs and accepted norms, contending social interests, and administrative capabilities.

Sectoral References

ELECTRICITY

• Political Institutions and Electric Utility Investment: A Cross-Nation Analysis September 1997. Revised version published in California Management Review 40(2): 1998, pp. 18-35. Bergara, M., W. Henisz, and P. Spiller

  Finds relevant evidence on the relationship between country institutional characteristics and investment in electricity sector. The study is based on a sample of 87 countries.

Other References

• Renegotiation of Concession Contracts in Latin America Mimeo, 2002. Guasch, J., J. Laffont, and Straub

  Finds evidence on the relationship between institutional characteristics, like bureaucracy quality, and contract renegotiation. The study is based on a data set of 1,000 concessions awarded in Latin-America countries.

• Comparing Regulatory Systems: Institutions, Processes, and Legal Forms in Industrial Countries. Working Paper No. 35, Centre on Regulation and Competition, University of Manchester, U.K., 2002. Ogus, Anthony

  Provides a general comparison of regulatory institutions across countries.