Note: Readers should cross-reference this section with chapters on market structure, financial analysis, pricing, and regulatory process for information on these issues as they relate to public enterprises.

Core References

• The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water (NRW) in Developing Countries. How the Private Sector Can Help: A Look at Performance-Based Service Contracting World Bank: Water Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 8, March 2007.

  Examines a number of case studies, taken from some of the largest and most recent performance-based NRW contracts. Lessons learned from the case studies are analyzed, showing the potential benefits of NRW performance-based service contracting with the private sector.

• Analysis of Power Projects with Private Participation under Stress Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2005. Covindassamy, M. Ananda, Daizo Oda, and Yabei Zhang

  Examines issues of distress in private participation situations. Concludes that reforms without a strong consensus is a major cause of distress for power projects and that power projects need financial instruments to address macroeconomic instability while maintaining politically sustainable prices.

• The Impact From Management And Lease/Affermage Contracts Washington, D.C.: Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), 2006. Ringskog, Klas Mary-Ellen Hammond and Alain Locussol

  Reviews results from contracts with the private sector in water. Examines risk allocation, impacts on performance, and cost and financing of the contracts.

• Regulatory Requirements Under Different Forms of Utility Service Delivery Macroconsulting, 2007. Rodriguez Pardina, Martin, and Richard Schlirf Rapti

  Examines forms of contracts with private sector participants. Draws lessons from examination of case studies from Mali (electricity production and distribution, concession), Senegal (water production and distribution; affermage), Niger (water production and distribution; affermage), Argentina (electricity distribution; concession) and Peru (water production and distribution; concession).

Sectoral References

WATER

• Engaging Local Private Operators in Water Supply and Sanitation Services: Initial Lessons from Emerging Experience in Cambodia, Colombia, Paraguay, The Philippines, and Uganda World Bank: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Working Note, Paper No. 12, December 2006.

  Explains that developing effective partnerships between government institutions and local private operators of water supply and sanitation services poses a number of challenges with respect to contract design, selection criteria and procedures, financing arrangements, risk mitigation instruments, performance improvement measures to develop technical skills and promote efficiency, and the regulatory and monitoring framework. Assesses how governments in five countries supported by World Bank projects have gone about addressing these challenges.

• Getting the Assumptions Right: Private Sector Participation Transaction Design and the Poor in Southwest Sri Lanka World Bank: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 7, October 2006.

  Investigates how a set of basic assumptions on service coverage, service levels, tariffs, and subsidies in the proposed transactions in Southwest Sri Lanka held up against consumer preferences.

• Innovative Contracts, Sound Relationships: Urban Water Sector Reform in Senegal World Bank: Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Board Discussion Paper Series, Paper No. 1, January 2004.

  Analyzes a successful reform process in Senegal. Describes how several years of hard work reforming the sector resulted in considerable improvements in services for existing customers and expansion to new customers.

Key Words

Private Sector, Contract, Public Private Partnership